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I. Introduction

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II$@!%(JBiophysical Characteristics of Water

$@#A!%(JMolecular Sructure

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$@#B!%(JCohesive Properties
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$@#C!%(JHeat properties
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$@!J(JFig.7,3$@!K!#e$N29EY$K$*$$$F!"1UBN!"8GBN!"5$BN$N7A$GB8:_$G$-$k$3$H$r<($7$?M#0l$NJ,;R$G$"$k!#$3$N?e$NJ*M}E*FC@-$O!"?e$r@8L?$N4p$@!!?e$OCH$a$i$l$k$N$KBgNL$NG.$rMW5a$9$k!#HfG.$O!"I8=`29EY$H5$29$GJ*e$2$k$?$a$KI,MW$J%(%M%k%.!$N1UBN$HHf$Y$FBg$-$$!#?e$NBg$-$JHfG.$N7k2L$H$7$F!"?"J*Cf$NBgNL$N?e$OAH?%$N29EY$r8r49$7$J$$$G!"Hf3SE*BgNL$NG.$r5[<}!"$b$7$/$O<:$&$3$H$,$G$-$k!#$3$N$h$&$K!"?e$O?"J*$KBP$7$FM%$l$?G.$N4K>W:^$H$7$FLr$KN)$D!#$3$N35G0$O!":nJ*$NC;4|4VI97k$N1F6A$r@)8B$9$k$?$a$KG@6H$N;E;v$GMQ$$$i$l$F$$$k!#?e$NJ.L8$O5$29$HAH?%29EY4V$N4K>W$H$7$F:nJ*$KMQ$$$i$l$?!#(J

$@#D!%(JDilectric Constant
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$@#E!%(JChemical Properties
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$@!!(JVan't Hoff$@$N35;;$O!"%3%m%$%I$dG41UJ*$@!P!J(J0.002437$@#m(J3 $@#M#p#a(J mol-1$@!K!J(J500mol-3$@!K!Q$KAjEv$7!"3$?e$G$O(J2.5$@#M#p#a$G$"$k!#!!?e$N2=3XE*%]%F%s%7%c%k$O$^$?AH?%$K$*$1$k05NO!J#P!K$K$h$C$F1F6A$rM?$($i$l$?!#05NO$K4XO"$9$k<+M3EE;R$O!"ItJ,E*$J%b%k$NBN@Q!J#V(JW$@!K$H05NO!P!J(J7.2$@!KEy<0;29M!Q$N@Q$G$"$k!#J*$@!!J*$@!!2=9gJ*$NEE5$2=3XE*$J%]%F%s%7%c%k!P#Z(JW$@#F#EEy<0$N!J(J7.2$@!K!Q$O!#%U%!%i%G!<$N!J#F!K!"EE5$E*%]%F%s%7%c%k!J#E!K$HJ*$@!!2=3XE*%]%F%s%7%c%k$O!"=ENO$K$h$C$F1F6A$rM?$($i$l$k!#2=3XE*$J3hF0$K$*$1$k=ENO$NMWAG$N1F6A$OCO>e$N?e$N9b$5!J#h!K!"=ENO$N2CB.EY!J#g!K!"%b%k$4$H$N?e$N@\E*$K9b$5$K4X78$9$k!#(J
$@!!A0=R$NJ*/$9$k!#$=$l8N$K!"$"$k6hJ,$+$iJL$N$H$3$m$K0\F0$9$k?e$N798~$O!"$=$N6hJ,$N29EY$K$h$C$F1F6A$rM?$($i$l$k!#?e$N%8%f%&%(%M%k%.!<$K$*$1$k29EY$N1F6A$O!"MU29$K$D$$$F$$$1$J$$EZ>m29EY$N4D6-Cf$N?"J*$K$H$C$FFC$K=EMW$G$"$k!#Dc$$EZ>m29EY$,?e$N1?F0$rDc2<$7!"?"J*$NCH$+$$AH?%Cf$N3H;6$r$[$H$s$I>/$J$/$5$;$k$N$G!"=EMW$JEZ>m$+$i$N?"J*$K$h$k?e$@!!?e$N<+M3%(%M%k%.! $@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(J $@#M(JW$@!a#M(JW*$@!]#V(Jw$@&0(Js$@!\#V(Jw$@#P!\#m(Jw$@#g#h!!#M#P#a!!!!!!!!!!!J(J7.4$@!K!!$3$N4X78$O!"?e$NEE2Y?t$,%<%m$J$N$G!"EE5$2=3XE*$J%]%F%s%7%c%k!JEy<0(J7.2$@!K$r4^$s$G$$$J$$!#$^$?!"?;F)$N2=3XE*%]%F%s%7%c%k$O?e$N2=3XE*3hF0!JEy<0(J7.3$@!K$rDj5A$9$k$?$a$KMQ$$$?!#(JSlatyer$@!J(J1967$@!K$O!"8x<0$K?e$N2=3X3hF0$HI8=`>uBV$N4V$N0[$J$j$rDj5A$7!"?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N$h$&$K?e$NItJ,E*$J%b%k$NCGJR$K$h$C$FJ,3d$7$?!#(J
$@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&L(JW$@!]&L(Jw*
$@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&7!a!&!&!&!&!&!&!a#P!]&0(Js$@!\#p(Jw$@#g#h!!#M#p#a!!!!!!!!(J $@!!!J(J7.5$@!K!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!#V(Jw
$@&7$O?e%]%F%s%7%c%k!"#p(Jw$@$O?e$NL)EY!J#m(Jw$@!?#V(Jw$@!K!"B>$NItJ,$O0JA0$KDj5A$7$?!#(J
$@!!$3$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$NEy<0$O!"AH?%$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$K$*$$$F!"AjBPE*$J?e$N1?F0$dAjBPE*$J?;F)05!"05NO!"=ENO$N=EMW@-$rI=$9$N$KJXMx$G$"$k!#$3$N9`$O!"?e$,MO1U$N>uBV$+$i=c?e$X$HF0$/$?$a$KI,MW$H$5$l$k;E;v$NNL$K$J$>$i$($k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#=c?e$N$?$a$N;29M$,$k$"$N$G!"=c?e$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$G$bIi$N%]%F%s%7%c%k$r;}$D!#?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$NC10L$O!"$$$/$D$+$N6&DL$NMQ$$J}(J $@!P(Jatmospheres(atm),bars(bar),pascal(Pa),megapascal
(Mpa)$@!Q$G$"$k05NO$NC10L!J(Jenergy$@!?(Jarea$@!K$G$"$k!#$3$3$G$O!"?"J*$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$r=R$Y$k$N$K#M#P#a$N$_MQ$$$k!#(J
$@!!$I$NAH?%$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$G$b#4$D$N9=@.ItJ,$+$i$J$j!"(J
$@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!&7!a&7(Jt$@!]&7(Js$@!]&7(Jg$@!\&7(Jm$@!!!!!!#M#P#a!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(J $@!!!J(J7.6$@!K$GDj5A$5$l$k!#05NO%]%F%s%7%c%k!P&7(Jt$@!aEy<0!J(J7.5$@!K$N#P!Q$O!":YK&FbN.BN@ENO3X$N05NO!JKD05!K$N7k2L$G$"$j!"?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k!P&7(JS$@!aEy<0!J(J7.5$@!K$N!]#R#T#c!Q$O:YK&Fb$NMO1UG;EY$N7k2L$G$"$j!"=ENO%]%F%s%7%c%k!P&7(Jg$@!aEy<0!J(J7.5$@!K$N#p(Jw$@#g#h!K$OAH?%$N9b$5$N7k2L$G$"$j!"%^%H%j%C%/%]%F%s%7%c%k!J&7(Jm$@!K$O?eJ,;R$H:YK&$NI=LL$N4V$NAj8_4X78!JG4CeNO!K$N7k2L$G$"$k!#=ENO%]%F%s%7%c%k$O$[$H$s$I$N?"J*$G$O>.$5$/!"%^%H%j%C%/%]%F%s%7%c%k$O>/$7$N>u67$G$7$+=EMW$G$O$J$$$N$G!"05NO$H?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k$O:YK&$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N:G$b=EMW$JItJ,$H$_$J$5$l$F$$$k!#(J

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III$@!%(JCELLULAR ASPECTS OF WATER POTENTIAL IN PLANTS$@!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!(J'99$@g(J/26 $@?@ED(J

A.Apoplast versus Symplast
$@!!EAE}E*$K!"?"J*@8M}3X$OFs$D$N$@!!%7%s%W%i%9%H$N?e$N$[$H$s$I$O1UK&Fb$K4^$^$l$F$$$k!J(J80$@$+$i(J90$@!s!K!#1UK&$N?e$OL55!%$%*%s!"M-5!;@!"%"%s%H%7%"%K%s$N$h$&$JB?$/$NMO$@!!?e$O%7%s%W%i%9%H$H%"%]%W%i%9%H$N6h4V$rFs$D$N6h4V$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$K$h$C$F<+M3$K0\F0$9$k!#x;6$NNO!J8e$K=R$Y$?!K$NN>J}$K$*$$$FH/C#$7$?!#(J
$@!!%"%]%W%i%9%H$N?e$O@N$+$i!":YK&JIFb$d:YK&$N4V$dLZItFb$G<+M3$K0\F0$9$kGv$$MO1U$H$7$F9M$($i$l$F$$$k!#$7$+$7$J$,$i!":G6a$N8&5f$O?"J*$N?eNO3X$N;d$?$A$NM}2r$K1F6A$rM?$($k!"%"%]%W%i%9%H$N?e$N=EMW$J@8M}2=3XE*FC@-$N$$$/$D$+$r@bL@$7$F$$$k!J(Jcanny 1995$@!K!#LZItF34I$NN.B+$OO3$l$d$9$/!"$=$N5,LO$OF34I$ND>7B$K$h$k!#LZIt$r$G$??e$O$$$/$D$+$NMO$&J*M}E*$^$?$O2=3XE*$JNO$G$"$k!#MU$d:,$N>.$5$JF;4IFb$N%$%*%sG;EY$O$7$P$7$P9b$/$J$j$&$k!J(J200mM$@0J>e!K!#A4$F$N$3$N>pJs$O!"%"%]%W%i%9%H$N?e$O6Q0l$J4u
B.Osmotic Potential
$@!!0JA0$KDj5A$7$?$h$&$K!"?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k$O?e$NMO.NL$NMO$@!!L55!%$%*%s!"C:?e2=J*!"%?%s%Q%/c32!"$=$NB>$K?7DDBe$@!!?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k$NJQ2=$K4X78$9$k$?$/$5$s$NL55!%$%*%s$O!"%+%j%&%`$G$"$k!#$^$?!"$$$/$D$+$N1v@8?"J*$K$*$$$F!"9bG;EY$N%J%H%j%&%`$ODc$$?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k$NH/C#$r@8$8$k!#$b$7!"L55!%$%*%sG;EY$,Dc$$?;F)%]%F%s%7%c%k$K1F6A$7$F$$$kJ,;R$N9b$$3d9g$r9=@.$7$F$$$k$N$J$i$P!"$=$l$i$O1UK&Fb$GJ,N%$5$l$k$K$A$,$$$J$$!#%5%$%H%=%k$NE,9g$7$?MO$@!!%5%$%H%=%k$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$K$*$$$F!"%5%$%H%=%kCf$N4pJ,$K$J$k!#!J%5%$%H%=%k$N4pDj$9$k!K!#$$$/$D$+$NC1E|N`$dFsE|N`$O%5%$%H%=%kCf$N?;F)05E*$JF/$-$NH>J,$N$[$H$s$I$r9=@.$7$F$$$k!#$3$l$i$O!"%9%/%m!<%9!"%0%k%3!<%9!"%U%k%/%H!<%9!"(Jraffinose$@$r4^$`!#%5%$%H%=%kCf$G?;F)$N3hF0$K4X78$9$k:G$bIaDL$NHs%?%s%Q%/@-%"%_%N;@$O(Jglycine-betaine$@!J(JNNN-trimethyl glycine$@!K$d(Jproline$@$G$"$k!#M-5!;@!"Nc$($P%j%s%4;@$d%/%(%s;@$J$I$OFC$K#C#A#M?"J*$N1UK&Cf$G9bG;EY$K$J$k!#(J

C.Pressure Potential
$@:YK&$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N9=@.ItJ,$H$7$F$N05NO$,!"05%]%F%s%7%c%k!J&W(Jt$@!K$H$7$F<($5$l$k!#$3$l$O!":YK&$N05NO$,!":YK&$N<~$j$N4D6-$H:YK&$$$F$OIaDL$G$O$J$/!"Bg$-$J4p$K#0$h$j2<$K2<$,$k$J$i$P:YK&$OJI$+$iN%$l!"867AuBV$K$J$j!"KD05%]%F%s%7%c%k$O#0$N$^$^$G$"$k!#:YK&Kl$O!"867A$@!!:YK&$NKD05%]%F%s%7%c%k$NBg$-$5$O:YK&JI$NCFNO!J#E!K$K0MB8$7$F$$$k!#CFNO$N$"$kJI$r;}$D:YK&$NCF@-$NDc$$N($O:YK&%]%F%s%7%c%k$N9-$$HO0O$r1[$($F@5$N05%]%F%s%7%c%k$r0];}$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k!#5U$K!"Dc$$#E$r;}$D:YK&$O!"?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N8:>/$HF1$8$/05%]%F%s%7%c%k$r$h$j7c$7$/B;<:$9$k!#!!!!(J

D.Gravimetric Potential
$@!!=ENO%]%F%s%7%c%k!J&W(Jg$@!K$O!"?"J*$,(J10$@#m9b$/$J$k$4$H$K!"(J0.1$@#M(JPa$@A}2C$9$k!#$=$l8N$K!"?"J*!J(J30$@#m$N9b$5$NLZ!K$N:GBg$N=ENO%]%F%s%7%c%k$O!"$*$*$h$=(J0.3$@#M(JPa$@$K$J$k$@$m$&!#0lHL$K!"MU$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$O(J-0.5$@$+$i(J-5.0$@#M(JPa$@$NHO0O$G$"$j!"=ENO%]%F%s%7%c%k$OAm?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N$[$s$N>/$7$G$"$k!#$=$N$&$(!"?e0\F0$NB?$/$N9M$($K$*$$$F!"867A
$@!!(JE.matric Potential
$@!!?"J*$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$NIA.$5$$%$%*%s$NBe$o$j$K!"Bg$-$J6K@-$N9bJ,;R$d$3$N$h$&$JJ,;R$N9=@.$5$l$?6K$NI=LL$O%^%H%j%C%/%]%F%s%7%c%k$K1F6A$r5Z$\$9!#Bg$-$J6K$NJ,;R$dI=LL$O?e$N6KFC@-$KAj8_:nMQ$7(J_A$@?eJ,;R$N?eAG7k9g$r7A:n$j!"$=$l$K$h$C$F?e$NF0E*$J%(%M%k%.!<$r8:>/$5$;$k!J(Jpassioura 1980$@!K!#$3$NAj8_:nMQ$O!"9bJ,;R$r0O$s$G$$$k?eOB$NJ$$$$dI=LL$rJ$$C$F$$$k?eJ,;R$NAX$N7k2L$G$"$j!"<~0O$N<+M3$J?eJ,;R$h$jDc$$F0E*%(%M%k%.!<$r;}$C$F$$$k!#6K@-9bJ,;R$d?e$N6K@-$NI=LL$N4V$NAj8_:nMQ$O?e$N3hF078?t!J&C(JW$@!K$NJQ2=$r0z$-5/$3$7!"$=$l$O?eOB$NJ$$$$r4^$`?eJ,;R$N2=3XE*3hF0$K1F6A$r5Z$\$9!#IaDL$O!"%^%H%j%C%/%]%F%s%7%c%k$O:YK&Fb$N?e$NJ,@O$K$OMQ$$$i$l$J$$$,!"$3$l$"$N%7%9%F%`$NBN@Q$KBP$7$FI=LL@Q$N3d9g$,9b$$$N$G!"$3$N?e%]%F%s%7%c%k$N9=@.ItJ,$OEZ>m?eJ,$d:YK&JIFb$N?e!"9bG;EY$NG41U$,$"$k:YK&Fb$r9MN8$9$k$H!"=EMW$K$J$k$+$b$7$l$J$$!#(J

$@!!(J